Name

grep– search a file for a pattern

Synopsis

/usr/bin/grep [-bchilnsvw] limited-regular-expression 
     [filename]...

/usr/xpg4/bin/grep [-E | -F] [-c | -l | -q] [-bhinsvwx] -e pattern_list... 
     [-f pattern_file]... [file]...

/usr/xpg4/bin/grep [-E | -F] [-c | -l | -q] [-bhinsvwx] 
     [-e pattern_list]... -f pattern_file... [file]...

/usr/xpg4/bin/grep [-E | -F] [-c | -l | -q] [-bhinsvwx] pattern 
     [file]...

Description

The grep utility searches text files for a pattern and prints all lines that contain that pattern. It uses a compact non-deterministic algorithm.

Be careful using the characters $, *, [, ^, |, (, ), and \ in the pattern_list because they are also meaningful to the shell. It is safest to enclose the entire pattern_list in single quotes ´...´.

If no files are specified, grep assumes standard input. Normally, each line found is copied to standard output. The file name is printed before each line found if there is more than one input file.

/usr/bin/grep

The /usr/bin/grep utility uses limited regular expressions like those described on the regexp(5) manual page to match the patterns.

/usr/xpg4/bin/grep

The options -E and -F affect the way /usr/xpg4/bin/grep interprets pattern_list. If -E is specified, /usr/xpg4/bin/grep interprets pattern_list as a full regular expression (see -E for description). If -F is specified, grep interprets pattern_list as a fixed string. If neither are specified, grep interprets pattern_list as a basic regular expression as described on regex(5) manual page.

Options

The following options are supported for both /usr/bin/grep and /usr/xpg4/bin/grep:

-b

Precedes each line by the block number on which it was found. This can be useful in locating block numbers by context (first block is 0).

-c

Prints only a count of the lines that contain the pattern.

-h

Prevents the name of the file containing the matching line from being prepended to that line. Used when searching multiple files.

-i

Ignores upper/lower case distinction during comparisons.

-l

Prints only the names of files with matching lines, separated by NEWLINE characters. Does not repeat the names of files when the pattern is found more than once.

-n

Precedes each line by its line number in the file (first line is 1).

-s

Suppresses error messages about nonexistent or unreadable files.

-v

Prints all lines except those that contain the pattern.

-w

Searches for the expression as a word as if surrounded by \< and \>.

/usr/xpg4/bin/grep

The following options are supported for /usr/xpg4/bin/grep only:

-e pattern_list

Specifies one or more patterns to be used during the search for input. Patterns in pattern_list must be separated by a NEWLINE character. A null pattern can be specified by two adjacent newline characters in pattern_list. Unless the -E or -F option is also specified, each pattern is treated as a basic regular expression. Multiple -e and -f options are accepted by grep. All of the specified patterns are used when matching lines, but the order of evaluation is unspecified.

-E

Matches using full regular expressions. Treats each pattern specified as a full regular expression. If any entire full regular expression pattern matches an input line, the line is matched. A null full regular expression matches every line. Each pattern is interpreted as a full regular expression as described on the regex(5) manual page, except for \( and \), and including:

1. A full regular expression followed by + that matches one or more occurrences of the full regular expression.

2. A full regular expression followed by ? that matches 0 or 1 occurrences of the full regular expression.

3. Full regular expressions separated by | or by a new-line that match strings that are matched by any of the expressions.

4. A full regular expression that is enclosed in parentheses () for grouping.

The order of precedence of operators is [ ], then * ? +, then concatenation, then | and new-line.

-f pattern_file

Reads one or more patterns from the file named by the path name pattern_file. Patterns in pattern_file are terminated by a NEWLINE character. A null pattern can be specified by an empty line in pattern_file. Unless the -E or -F option is also specified, each pattern is treated as a basic regular expression.

-F

Matches using fixed strings. Treats each pattern specified as a string instead of a regular expression. If an input line contains any of the patterns as a contiguous sequence of bytes, the line is matched. A null string matches every line. See fgrep(1) for more information.

-q

Quiet. Does not write anything to the standard output, regardless of matching lines. Exits with zero status if an input line is selected.

-x

Considers only input lines that use all characters in the line to match an entire fixed string or regular expression to be matching lines.

Operands

The following operands are supported:

file

A path name of a file to be searched for the patterns. If no file operands are specified, the standard input is used.

/usr/bin/grep

pattern

Specifies a pattern to be used during the search for input.

/usr/xpg4/bin/grep

pattern

Specifies one or more patterns to be used during the search for input. This operand is treated as if it were specified as -e pattern_list.

Usage

The -e pattern_list option has the same effect as the pattern_list operand, but is useful when pattern_list begins with the hyphen delimiter. It is also useful when it is more convenient to provide multiple patterns as separate arguments.

Multiple -e and -f options are accepted and grep uses all of the patterns it is given while matching input text lines. Notice that the order of evaluation is not specified. If an implementation finds a null string as a pattern, it is allowed to use that pattern first, matching every line, and effectively ignore any other patterns.

The -q option provides a means of easily determining whether or not a pattern (or string) exists in a group of files. When searching several files, it provides a performance improvement (because it can quit as soon as it finds the first match) and requires less care by the user in choosing the set of files to supply as arguments (because it exits zero if it finds a match even if grep detected an access or read error on earlier file operands).

Large File Behavior

See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of grep when encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2³¹ bytes).

Examples

---

Example 1 Finding All Uses of a Word




To find all uses of the word “Posix” (in any case) in the file text.mm, and write with line numbers:

example% /usr/bin/grep -i -n posix text.mm

---

---

Example 2 Finding All Empty Lines




To find all empty lines in the standard input:

example% /usr/bin/grep ^$

or

example% /usr/bin/grep -v .

---

---

Example 3 Finding Lines Containing Strings




All of the following commands print all lines containing strings abc or def or both:

example% /usr/xpg4/bin/grep 'abc def' example% /usr/xpg4/bin/grep -e 'abc def' example% /usr/xpg4/bin/grep -e 'abc' -e 'def' example% /usr/xpg4/bin/grep -E 'abc|def' example% /usr/xpg4/bin/grep -E -e 'abc|def' example% /usr/xpg4/bin/grep -E -e 'abc' -e 'def' example% /usr/xpg4/bin/grep -E 'abc def' example% /usr/xpg4/bin/grep -E -e 'abc def' example% /usr/xpg4/bin/grep -F -e 'abc' -e 'def' example% /usr/xpg4/bin/grep -F 'abc def' example% /usr/xpg4/bin/grep -F -e 'abc def'

---

---

Example 4 Finding Lines with Matching Strings




Both of the following commands print all lines matching exactly abc or def:

example% /usr/xpg4/bin/grep -E '^abc$ ^def$' example% /usr/xpg4/bin/grep -F -x 'abc def'

---

Environment Variables

See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables that affect the execution of grep: LANG, LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, and NLSPATH.

Exit Status

The following exit values are returned:

0

One or more matches were found.

1

No matches were found.

2

Syntax errors or inaccessible files (even if matches were found).

Attributes

See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

/usr/bin/grep

ATTRIBUTE TYPE	ATTRIBUTE VALUE
Availability	SUNWcsu
CSI	Not Enabled

/usr/xpg4/bin/grep

ATTRIBUTE TYPE	ATTRIBUTE VALUE
Availability	SUNWxcu4
CSI	Enabled
Interface Stability	Committed
Standard	See standards(5).

See Also

egrep(1), fgrep(1), sed(1), sh(1), attributes(5), environ(5), largefile(5), regex(5), regexp(5), standards(5)

Notes

/usr/bin/grep

Lines are limited only by the size of the available virtual memory. If there is a line with embedded nulls, grep only matches up to the first null. If the line matches, the entire line is printed.

/usr/xpg4/bin/grep

The results are unspecified if input files contain lines longer than LINE_MAX bytes or contain binary data. LINE_MAX is defined in /usr/include/limits.h.